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      <DIV id=3Dbanner><A =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/index.html">RSS=20
      2.0 at Harvard Law</A></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dtagline>Internet technology hosted by Berkman =
Center</DIV>
      <H2>RSS 2.0 Specification</H2>
      <P><I>Tuesday, July 15, 2003</I></P>
      <H4>Contents</H4>
      <UL>
        <LI><A =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#whatIsRss">What=20
        is RSS?</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#sampleFiles">Sample=20
        files</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#aboutThisDocument">Abou=
t=20
        this document</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#requiredChannelElements=
">Required=20
        channel elements</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#optionalChannelElements=
">Optional=20
        channel elements</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#hrelementsOfLtitemgt">E=
lements=20
        of &lt;item&gt;</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#comments">Comments</A> =

        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#extendingRss">Extending=
=20
        RSS</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#roadmap">Roadmap</A>=20
        <LI><A=20
        =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#licenseAndAuthorship">L=
icense=20
        and authorship</A> </LI></UL><B>What is RSS?<A =
name=3DwhatIsRss>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to 'What is RSS?' in archive."=20
      href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#whatIsRss"><IMG =
height=3D9=20
      src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif" =
width=3D11=20
      border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>RSS is a Web content syndication=20
      format.<BR><BR>Its name is an acronym for <I><B>R</B>eally =
<B>S</B>imple=20
      <B>S</B>yndication.</I><BR><BR>RSS is a dialect of XML. All RSS =
files must=20
      conform to the XML 1.0 <A=20
      href=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">specification</A>, as =
published on the=20
      World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) website.<BR><BR>A summary of <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rssVersionHistory.html">RSS =
version=20
      history</A>.<BR><BR>At the top level, a RSS document is a =
&lt;rss&gt;=20
      element, with a mandatory attribute called version, that specifies =
the=20
      version of RSS that the document conforms to. If it conforms to =
this=20
      specification, the version attribute must be 2.0. =
<BR><BR>Subordinate to=20
      the &lt;rss&gt; element is a single &lt;channel&gt; element, which =

      contains information about the channel (metadata) and its =
contents.=20
      <BR><BR><B>Sample files<A name=3DsampleFiles>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to 'Sample files' in archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#sampleFiles"><IMG =
height=3D9=20
      src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif" =
width=3D11=20
      border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>Here are sample files for: RSS <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/examples/sampleRss091.xml">0.91<=
/A>,=20
      <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/examples/sampleRss092.xml">0.92<=
/A>=20
      and <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/examples/rss2sample.xml">2.0</A>=
.<BR><BR>Note=20
      that the sample files may point to documents and services that no =
longer=20
      exist. The 0.91 sample was created when the 0.91 docs were =
written.=20
      Maintaining a trail of samples seems like a good =
idea.<BR><BR><B>About=20
      this document<A name=3DaboutThisDocument>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to 'About this document' in archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#aboutThisDocument"><IMG=
=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR><IMG height=3D85=20
      alt=3D"A picture of a bouquet of flowers, the symbol of RSS 2.0." =
hspace=3D15=20
      src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/flowers.gif" =
width=3D65=20
      align=3Dright vspace=3D5 border=3D0>This document represents the =
status of RSS=20
      as of the Fall of 2002, version 2.0.1. <BR><BR>It incorporates all =
changes=20
      and additions, starting with the basic spec for <A=20
      href=3D"http://backend.userland.com/rss091">RSS 0.91</A> (June =
2000) and=20
      includes new features introduced in <A=20
      href=3D"http://backend.userland.com/rss092">RSS 0.92</A> (December =
2000) and=20
      RSS 0.94 (August 2002). <BR><BR>Change notes are <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rssChangeNotes.html">here</A>.<B=
R><BR>First=20
      we document the required and optional sub-elements of =
&lt;channel&gt;; and=20
      then document the sub-elements of &lt;item&gt;. The final sections =
answer=20
      frequently asked questions, and provide a roadmap for future =
evolution,=20
      and guidelines for extending RSS.<BR><BR><B>Required channel =
elements<A=20
      name=3DrequiredChannelElements>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to 'Required channel elements' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#requiredChannelElements=
"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>Here's a list of the =
required channel=20
      elements, each with a brief description, an example, and where =
available,=20
      a pointer to a more complete description.=20
      <TABLE cellSpacing=3D10>
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD><B>Element</B></TD>
          <TD width=3D"45%"><B>Description</B></TD>
          <TD><B>Example</B></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>title</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The name of the channel. It's how people =
refer to=20
            your service. If you have an HTML website that contains the =
same=20
            information as your RSS file, the title of your channel =
should be=20
            the same as the title of your website. </TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>GoUpstate.com News Headlines</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>link</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The URL to the HTML website corresponding to =
the=20
            channel.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>http://www.goupstate.com/</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD=20
          =
vAlign=3Dtop>description&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Phrase or sentence describing the =
channel.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The latest news from GoUpstate.com, a =
Spartanburg=20
            Herald-Journal Web =
site.</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR><BR><B>Optional=20
      channel elements<A name=3DoptionalChannelElements>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to 'Optional channel elements' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#optionalChannelElements=
"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>Here's a list of optional =
channel=20
      elements.=20
      <TABLE cellSpacing=3D10>
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD><B>Element</B></TD>
          <TD width=3D"65%"><B>Description</B></TD>
          <TD><B>Example</B></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>language</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The language the channel is written in. This =
allows=20
            aggregators to group all Italian language sites, for =
example, on a=20
            single page. A list of allowable values for this element, as =

            provided by Netscape, is <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/languages.html">here</A>. You=20
            may also use <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/dirlang.html#langcodes">va=
lues=20
            defined</A> by the W3C.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>en-us</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>copyright</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Copyright notice for content in the =
channel.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Copyright 2002, Spartanburg =
Herald-Journal</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>managingEditor</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Email address for person responsible for =
editorial=20
            content.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>geo@herald.com (George Matesky)</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>webMaster</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Email address for person responsible for =
technical=20
            issues relating to channel.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>betty@herald.com (Betty Guernsey)</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>pubDate</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The publication date for the content in the =
channel.=20
            For example, the New York Times publishes on a daily basis, =
the=20
            publication date flips once every 24 hours. That's when the =
pubDate=20
            of the channel changes. All date-times in RSS conform to the =
Date=20
            and Time Specification of <A=20
            href=3D"http://asg.web.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc822.html">RFC 822</A>, =
with the=20
            exception that the year may be expressed with two characters =
or four=20
            characters (four preferred).</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Sat, 07 Sep 2002 00:00:01 GMT</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>lastBuildDate</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The last time the content of the channel =
changed.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Sat, 07 Sep 2002 09:42:31 GMT</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>category</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Specify one or more categories that the =
channel=20
            belongs to. Follows the same rules as the &lt;item&gt;-level =
<A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltcategorygtSubelementO=
fLtitemgt">category</A>=20
            element. More <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#syndic8">info</A>.</TD>=

          <TD =
vAlign=3Dtop>&lt;category&gt;Newspapers&lt;/category&gt;</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>generator</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>A string indicating the program used to =
generate the=20
            channel.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>MightyInHouse Content System v2.3</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>docs</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>A URL that points to the documentation for =
the format=20
            used in the RSS file. It's probably a pointer to this page. =
It's for=20
            people who might stumble across an RSS file on a Web server =
25 years=20
            from now and wonder what it is.</TD>
          <TD =
vAlign=3Dtop>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>cloud</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Allows processes to register with a cloud to =
be=20
            notified of updates to the channel, implementing a =
lightweight=20
            publish-subscribe protocol for RSS feeds. More info <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltcloudgtSubelementOfLt=
channelgt">here</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>&lt;cloud domain=3D"rpc.sys.com" port=3D"80" =
path=3D"/RPC2"=20
            registerProcedure=3D"pingMe" =
protocol=3D"soap"/&gt;</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>ttl</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>ttl stands for time to live. It's a number of =
minutes=20
            that indicates how long a channel can be cached before =
refreshing=20
            from the source. More info <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltttlgtSubelementOfLtch=
annelgt">here</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>&lt;ttl&gt;60&lt;/ttl&gt;</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>image</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Specifies a GIF, JPEG or PNG image that can =
be=20
            displayed with the channel. More info <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltimagegtSubelementOfLt=
channelgt">here</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>rating</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The <A =
href=3D"http://www.w3.org/PICS/">PICS</A> rating=20
            for the channel.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>textInput</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Specifies a text input box that can be =
displayed with=20
            the channel. More info <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#lttextinputgtSubelement=
OfLtchannelgt">here</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>skipHours</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>A hint for aggregators telling them which =
hours they=20
            can skip. More info <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/skipHoursDays.html#skiphours">he=
re</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>skipDays</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>A hint for aggregators telling them which =
days they=20
            can skip. More info <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/skipHoursDays.html#skipdays">her=
e</A>.</TD>
          <TD =
vAlign=3Dtop></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR><BR><B>&lt;image&gt;=20
      sub-element of &lt;channel&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltimagegtSubelementOfLtchannelgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<image> sub-element of <channel>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltimagegtSubelementOfLt=
channelgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;image&gt; is an optional =
sub-element=20
      of &lt;channel&gt;, which contains three required and three =
optional=20
      sub-elements.<BR><BR>&lt;url&gt; is the URL of a GIF, JPEG or PNG =
image=20
      that represents the channel. <BR><BR>&lt;title&gt; describes the =
image,=20
      it's used in the ALT attribute of the HTML &lt;img&gt; tag when =
the=20
      channel is rendered in HTML. <BR><BR>&lt;link&gt; is the URL of =
the site,=20
      when the channel is rendered, the image is a link to the site. =
(Note, in=20
      practice the image &lt;title&gt; and &lt;link&gt; should have the =
same=20
      value as the channel's &lt;title&gt; and &lt;link&gt;. =
<BR><BR>Optional=20
      elements include &lt;width&gt; and &lt;height&gt;, numbers, =
indicating the=20
      width and height of the image in pixels. &lt;description&gt; =
contains text=20
      that is included in the TITLE attribute of the link formed around =
the=20
      image in the HTML rendering.<BR><BR>Maximum value for width is =
144,=20
      default value is 88. <BR><BR>Maximum value for height is 400, =
default=20
      value is 31.<BR><BR><B>&lt;cloud&gt; sub-element of =
&lt;channel&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltcloudgtSubelementOfLtchannelgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<cloud> sub-element of <channel>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltcloudgtSubelementOfLt=
channelgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;cloud&gt; is an optional =
sub-element=20
      of &lt;channel&gt;. <BR><BR>It specifies a web service that =
supports the=20
      rssCloud interface which can be implemented in HTTP-POST, XML-RPC =
or SOAP=20
      1.1. <BR><BR>Its purpose is to allow processes to register with a =
cloud to=20
      be notified of updates to the channel, implementing a lightweight=20
      publish-subscribe protocol for RSS feeds.<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;cloud=20
      domain=3D"rpc.sys.com" port=3D"80" path=3D"/RPC2"=20
      registerProcedure=3D"myCloud.rssPleaseNotify" protocol=3D"xml-rpc" =

      /&gt;</CODE><BR><BR>In this example, to request notification on =
the=20
      channel it appears in, you would send an XML-RPC message to =
rpc.sys.com on=20
      port 80, with a path of /RPC2. The procedure to call is=20
      myCloud.rssPleaseNotify.<BR><BR>A full explanation of this element =
and the=20
      rssCloud interface is <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/soapMeetsRss.html#rsscloudInterf=
ace">here</A>.<BR><BR><B>&lt;ttl&gt;=20
      sub-element of &lt;channel&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltttlgtSubelementOfLtchannelgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<ttl> sub-element of <channel>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltttlgtSubelementOfLtch=
annelgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;ttl&gt; is an optional =
sub-element=20
      of &lt;channel&gt;. <BR><BR>ttl stands for time to live. It's a =
number of=20
      minutes that indicates how long a channel can be cached before =
refreshing=20
      from the source. This makes it possible for RSS sources to be =
managed by a=20
      file-sharing network such as <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.gnutellanews.com/information/what_is_gnutella.shtml">G=
nutella</A>.=20
      <BR><BR>Example: =
&lt;ttl&gt;60&lt;/ttl&gt;<BR><BR><B>&lt;textInput&gt;=20
      sub-element of &lt;channel&gt;<A=20
      name=3DlttextinputgtSubelementOfLtchannelgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<textInput> sub-element of <channel>' =
in archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#lttextinputgtSubelement=
OfLtchannelgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>A channel may optionally =
contain a=20
      &lt;textInput&gt; sub-element, which contains four required=20
      sub-elements.<BR><BR>&lt;title&gt; -- The label of the Submit =
button in=20
      the text input area. <BR><BR>&lt;description&gt; -- Explains the =
text=20
      input area. <BR><BR>&lt;name&gt; -- The name of the text object in =
the=20
      text input area. <BR><BR>&lt;link&gt; -- The URL of the CGI script =
that=20
      processes text input requests. <BR><BR>The purpose of the=20
      &lt;textInput&gt; element is something of a mystery. You can use =
it to=20
      specify a search engine box. Or to allow a reader to provide =
feedback.=20
      Most aggregators ignore it.<BR><BR><B>
      <HR>
      Elements of &lt;item&gt;<A =
name=3DhrelementsOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<hr>Elements of <item>' in archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#hrelementsOfLtitemgt"><=
IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>A channel may contain any =
number of=20
      &lt;item&gt;s. An item may represent a "story" -- much like a =
story in a=20
      newspaper or magazine; if so its description is a synopsis of the =
story,=20
      and the link points to the full story. An item may also be =
complete in=20
      itself, if so, the description contains the text (entity-encoded =
HTML is=20
      allowed; see <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/encodingDescriptions.html">examp=
les</A>),=20
      and the link and title may be omitted. All elements of an item are =

      optional, however at least one of title or description must be =
present.=20
      <TABLE cellSpacing=3D10>
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD><B>Element</B></TD>
          <TD><B>Description</B></TD>
          <TD width=3D"50%"><B>Example</B></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>title</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The title of the item.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Venice Film Festival Tries to Quit =
Sinking</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>link</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The URL of the item.</TD>
          <TD =
vAlign=3Dtop>http://nytimes.com/2004/12/07FEST.html</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD =
vAlign=3Dtop>description&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The item synopsis.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Some of the most heated chatter at the Venice =
Film=20
            Festival this week was about the way that the arrival of the =
stars=20
            at the Palazzo del Cinema was being staged.</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>author</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Email address of the author of the item. <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltauthorgtSubelementOfL=
titemgt">More</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>oprah\@oxygen.net</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>category</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Includes the item in one or more categories. =
<A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltcategorygtSubelementO=
fLtitemgt">More</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>comments</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>URL of a page for comments relating to the =
item. <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltcommentsgtSubelementO=
fLtitemgt">More</A>.</TD>
          <TD=20
            =
vAlign=3Dtop>http://www.myblog.org/cgi-local/mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=3D=
290</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>enclosure</TD>
          <TD=20
            =
vAlign=3Dtop>Describes&nbsp;a&nbsp;media&nbsp;object&nbsp;that&nbsp;is=20
            attached to the item. <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltenclosuregtSubelement=
OfLtitemgt">More</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>guid</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>A string that uniquely identifies the item. =
<A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltguidgtSubelementOfLti=
temgt">More</A>.</TD>
          <TD =
vAlign=3Dtop>http://inessential.com/2002/09/01.php#a2</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>pubDate</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Indicates when the item was published. <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltpubdategtSubelementOf=
Ltitemgt">More</A>.</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>Sun, 19 May 2002 15:21:36 GMT</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>source</TD>
          <TD vAlign=3Dtop>The RSS channel that the item came from. <A=20
            =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltsourcegtSubelementOfL=
titemgt">More</A>.</TD>
          <TD =
vAlign=3Dtop>&nbsp;</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR><BR><B>&lt;source&gt;=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltsourcegtSubelementOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<source> sub-element of <item>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltsourcegtSubelementOfL=
titemgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;source&gt; is an =
optional=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;.<BR><BR>Its value is the name of the =
RSS=20
      channel that the item came from, derived from its &lt;title&gt;. =
It has=20
      one required attribute, url, which links to the XMLization of the=20
      source.<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;source=20
      url=3D"http://www.tomalak.org/links2.xml"&gt;Tomalak's=20
      Realm&lt;/source&gt;</CODE><BR><BR>The purpose of this element is =
to=20
      propagate credit for links, to publicize the sources of news =
items. It can=20
      be used in the Post command of an aggregator. It should be =
generated=20
      automatically when forwarding an item from an aggregator to a =
weblog=20
      authoring tool.<BR><BR><B>&lt;enclosure&gt; sub-element of =
&lt;item&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltenclosuregtSubelementOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<enclosure> sub-element of <item>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltenclosuregtSubelement=
OfLtitemgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;enclosure&gt; is an =
optional=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;.<BR><BR>It has three required =
attributes. url=20
      says where the enclosure is located, length says how big it is in =
bytes,=20
      and type says what its type is, a standard MIME type.<BR><BR>The =
url must=20
      be an http url.<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;enclosure=20
      url=3D"http://www.scripting.com/mp3s/weatherReportSuite.mp3"=20
      length=3D"12216320" type=3D"audio/mpeg" /&gt;</CODE><BR><BR>A =
use-case=20
      narrative for this element is <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.thetwowayweb.com/payloadsforrss">here</A>.<BR><BR><B>&=
lt;category&gt;=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltcategorygtSubelementOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<category> sub-element of <item>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltcategorygtSubelementO=
fLtitemgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;category&gt; is an =
optional=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;.<BR><BR>It has one optional attribute, =
domain,=20
      a string that identifies a categorization taxonomy. <BR><BR>The =
value of=20
      the element is a forward-slash-separated string that identifies a=20
      hierarchic location in the indicated taxonomy. Processors may =
establish=20
      conventions for the interpretation of categories. Two examples are =

      provided below:<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;category&gt;Grateful=20
      Dead&lt;/category&gt;</CODE><BR><BR><CODE>&lt;category=20
      =
domain=3D"http://www.fool.com/cusips"&gt;MSFT&lt;/category&gt;</CODE><BR>=
<BR>You=20
      may include as many category elements as you need to, for =
different=20
      domains, and to have an item cross-referenced in different parts =
of the=20
      same domain.<BR><BR><B>&lt;pubDate&gt; sub-element of =
&lt;item&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltpubdategtSubelementOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<pubDate> sub-element of <item>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltpubdategtSubelementOf=
Ltitemgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;pubDate&gt; is an =
optional=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;.<BR><BR>Its value is a <A=20
      href=3D"http://asg.web.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc822.html">date</A>, =
indicating when=20
      the item was published. If it's a date in the future, aggregators =
may=20
      choose to not display the item until that date.=20
      <BR><BR><CODE>&lt;pubDate&gt;Sun, 19 May 2002 15:21:36=20
      GMT&lt;/pubDate&gt;</CODE><BR><BR><B>&lt;guid&gt; sub-element of=20
      &lt;item&gt;<A name=3DltguidgtSubelementOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<guid> sub-element of <item>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltguidgtSubelementOfLti=
temgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;guid&gt; is an optional =
sub-element=20
      of &lt;item&gt;.<BR><BR>guid stands for globally unique =
identifier. It's a=20
      string that uniquely identifies the item. When present, an =
aggregator may=20
      choose to use this string to determine if an item is=20
      =
new.<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;guid&gt;http://some.server.com/weblogItem3207&lt;/g=
uid&gt;</CODE><BR><BR>There=20
      are no rules for the syntax of a guid. Aggregators must view them =
as a=20
      string. It's up to the source of the feed to establish the =
uniqueness of=20
      the string. <BR><BR>If the guid element has an attribute named=20
      "isPermaLink" with a value of true, the reader may assume that it =
is a=20
      permalink to the item, that is, a url that can be opened in a Web =
browser,=20
      that points to the full item described by the &lt;item&gt; =
element. An=20
      example:<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;guid=20
      =
isPermaLink=3D"true"&gt;http://inessential.com/2002/09/01.php#a2&lt;/guid=
&gt;</CODE><BR><BR>isPermaLink=20
      is optional, its default value is true. If its value is false, the =
guid=20
      may not be assumed to be a url, or a url to anything in=20
      particular.<BR><BR><B>&lt;comments&gt; sub-element of =
&lt;item&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltcommentsgtSubelementOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<comments> sub-element of <item>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltcommentsgtSubelementO=
fLtitemgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;comments&gt; is an =
optional=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;.<BR><BR>If present, it is the url of =
the=20
      comments page for the item.=20
      =
<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;comments&gt;http://ekzemplo.com/entry/4403/comments&lt;=
/comments&gt;</CODE><BR><BR>More=20
      about comments <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/weblogComments.html">here</A>.<B=
R><BR><B>&lt;author&gt;=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;<A=20
      name=3DltauthorgtSubelementOfLtitemgt>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to '<author> sub-element of <item>' in =
archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#ltauthorgtSubelementOfL=
titemgt"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>&lt;author&gt; is an =
optional=20
      sub-element of &lt;item&gt;.<BR><BR>It's the email address of the =
author=20
      of the item. For newspapers and magazines syndicating via RSS, the =
author=20
      is the person who wrote the article that the &lt;item&gt; =
describes. For=20
      collaborative weblogs, the author of the item might be different =
from the=20
      managing editor or webmaster. For a weblog authored by a single =
individual=20
      it would make sense to omit the &lt;author&gt;=20
      element.<BR><BR><CODE>&lt;author&gt;lawyer@boyer.net (Lawyer=20
      Boyer)&lt;/author&gt;</CODE><BR><BR><B>Comments<A=20
      name=3Dcomments>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to 'Comments' in archive."=20
      href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#comments"><IMG =
height=3D9=20
      src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif" =
width=3D11=20
      border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>RSS places restrictions on the first=20
      non-whitespace characters of the data in &lt;link&gt; and =
&lt;url&gt;=20
      elements. The data in these elements must begin with an <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes">IANA-registered</A> =
URI=20
      scheme, such as http://, https://, news://, mailto: and ftp://. =
Prior to=20
      RSS 2.0, the specification only allowed http:// and ftp://, =
however, in=20
      practice other URI schemes were in use by content developers and =
supported=20
      by aggregators. Aggregators may have limits on the URI schemes =
they=20
      support. Content developers should not assume that all aggregators =
support=20
      all schemes.<BR><BR>In RSS 0.91, various elements are restricted =
to 500 or=20
      100 characters. There can be no more than 15 &lt;item&gt;s in a =
0.91=20
      &lt;channel&gt;. There are no string-length or XML-level limits in =
RSS=20
      0.92 and greater. Processors may impose their own limits, and =
generators=20
      may have preferences that say no more than a certain number of=20
      &lt;item&gt;s can appear in a channel, or that strings are limited =
in=20
      length.<BR><BR>In RSS 2.0, <A name=3Dsyndic8></A>a provision is =
made for=20
      linking a channel to its identifier in a cataloging system, using =
the=20
      channel-level category feature, described above. For example, to =
link a=20
      channel to its Syndic8 identifier, include a category element as a =

      sub-element of &lt;channel&gt;, with domain "Syndic8", and value =
the=20
      identifier for your channel in the Syndic8 database. The =
appropriate=20
      category element for Scripting News would be &lt;category=20
      domain=3D"Syndic8"&gt;1765&lt;/category&gt;.<BR><BR>A frequently =
asked=20
      question about &lt;guid&gt;s is how do they compare to =
&lt;link&gt;s.=20
      Aren't they the same thing? Yes, in some content systems, and no =
in=20
      others. In some systems, &lt;link&gt; is a permalink to a weblog =
item.=20
      However, in other systems, each &lt;item&gt; is a synopsis of a =
longer=20
      article, &lt;link&gt; points to the article, and &lt;guid&gt; is =
the=20
      permalink to the weblog entry. In all cases, it's recommended that =
you=20
      provide the guid, and if possible make it a permalink. This =
enables=20
      aggregators to not repeat items, even if there have been editing=20
      changes.<BR><BR>If you have questions about the RSS 2.0 format, =
please=20
      post them on the <A=20
      =
href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RSS2-Support/">RSS2-Support</A> =
mail=20
      list, hosted by Sjoerd Visscher. This is not a debating list, but =
serves=20
      as a support resource for users, authors and developers who are =
creating=20
      and using content in RSS 2.0 format.<BR><BR><B>Extending RSS<A=20
      name=3DextendingRss>&nbsp;</A><A=20
      title=3D"Permanent link to 'Extending RSS' in archive."=20
      =
href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#extendingRss"><IMG=20
      height=3D9 =
src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
      width=3D11 border=3D0></A></B><BR><BR>RSS originated in 1999, and =
has strived=20
      to be a simple, easy to understand format, with relatively modest =
goals.=20
      After it became a popular format, developers wanted to extend it =
using=20
      modules defined in namespaces, as <A=20
      href=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/">specified</A> by the =
W3C.=20
      <BR><BR>RSS 2.0 adds that capability, following a simple rule. A =
RSS feed=20
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elements=20
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document=20
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remain=20
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version 0.91=20
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were in=20
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<I>would=20
      not</I> be a valid 2.0 file. <BR><BR><B>Roadmap<A=20
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in archive."=20
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height=3D9=20
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but it is=20
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something RSS=20
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become=20
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developing=20
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frozen at=20
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etc. only=20
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new=20
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using=20
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names.=20
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href=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html#licenseAndAuthorship"><=
IMG=20
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src=3D"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/images/leftArrow.gif"=20
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Berkman Center=20
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of the=20
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href=3D"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/">license</A>. The =

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with the=20
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  h=3Dh.substring(0,h.indexOf("/"));=0A=
 }=0A=
 for (var ii=3D0;ii<_uOsr.length;ii++) {=0A=
  if (h.toLowerCase().indexOf(_uOsr[ii].toLowerCase()) > -1) {=0A=
   if ((i=3D_ur.indexOf("?"+_uOkw[ii]+"=3D")) > -1 || =
(i=3D_ur.indexOf("&"+_uOkw[ii]+"=3D")) > -1) {=0A=
    k=3D_ur.substring(i+_uOkw[ii].length+2,_ur.length);=0A=
    if ((i=3Dk.indexOf("&")) > -1) k=3Dk.substring(0,i);=0A=
    for (var yy=3D0;yy<_uOno.length;yy++) {=0A=
     if (_uOno[yy].toLowerCase()=3D=3Dk.toLowerCase()) { _ufno=3D1; =
break; }=0A=
    }=0A=
    if (t) return _uEC(k);=0A=
    else return =
"utmccn=3D(organic)|utmcsr=3D"+_uEC(_uOsr[ii])+"|"+"utmctr=3D"+_uEC(k)+"|=
utmcmd=3Dorganic";=0A=
   }=0A=
  }=0A=
 }=0A=
 return "";=0A=
}=0A=
function _uBInfo() {=0A=
 var sr=3D"-",sc=3D"-",ul=3D"-",fl=3D"-",cs=3D"-",je=3D1;=0A=
 var n=3Dnavigator;=0A=
 if (self.screen) {=0A=
  sr=3Dscreen.width+"x"+screen.height;=0A=
  sc=3Dscreen.colorDepth+"-bit";=0A=
 } else if (self.java) {=0A=
  var j=3Djava.awt.Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit();=0A=
  var s=3Dj.getScreenSize();=0A=
  sr=3Ds.width+"x"+s.height;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (n.language) { ul=3Dn.language.toLowerCase(); }=0A=
 else if (n.browserLanguage) { ul=3Dn.browserLanguage.toLowerCase(); }=0A=
 je=3Dn.javaEnabled()?1:0;=0A=
 if (_uflash) fl=3D_uFlash();=0A=
 if (_ubd.characterSet) cs=3D_uES(_ubd.characterSet);=0A=
 else if (_ubd.charset) cs=3D_uES(_ubd.charset);=0A=
 return =
"&utmcs=3D"+cs+"&utmsr=3D"+sr+"&utmsc=3D"+sc+"&utmul=3D"+ul+"&utmje=3D"+j=
e+"&utmfl=3D"+fl;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmSetTrans() {=0A=
 var e;=0A=
 if (_ubd.getElementById) e=3D_ubd.getElementById("utmtrans");=0A=
 else if (_ubd.utmform && _ubd.utmform.utmtrans) =
e=3D_ubd.utmform.utmtrans;=0A=
 if (!e) return;=0A=
 var l=3De.value.split("UTM:");=0A=
 var i,i2,c;=0A=
 if (_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) i=3Dnew Array();=0A=
 if (_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) { i2=3Dnew Array(); c=3D_uGCS(); }=0A=
=0A=
 for (var ii=3D0;ii<l.length;ii++) {=0A=
  l[ii]=3D_uTrim(l[ii]);=0A=
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  var r=3DMath.round(Math.random()*2147483647);=0A=
  if (!_utsp || _utsp=3D=3D"") _utsp=3D"|";=0A=
  var f=3Dl[ii].split(_utsp),s=3D"";=0A=
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   s=3D"&utmt=3Dtran"+"&utmn=3D"+r;=0A=
   f[1]=3D_uTrim(f[1]); if(f[1]&&f[1]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtid=3D"+_uES(f[1]);=0A=
   f[2]=3D_uTrim(f[2]); if(f[2]&&f[2]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtst=3D"+_uES(f[2]);=0A=
   f[3]=3D_uTrim(f[3]); if(f[3]&&f[3]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtto=3D"+_uES(f[3]);=0A=
   f[4]=3D_uTrim(f[4]); if(f[4]&&f[4]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmttx=3D"+_uES(f[4]);=0A=
   f[5]=3D_uTrim(f[5]); if(f[5]&&f[5]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtsp=3D"+_uES(f[5]);=0A=
   f[6]=3D_uTrim(f[6]); if(f[6]&&f[6]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtci=3D"+_uES(f[6]);=0A=
   f[7]=3D_uTrim(f[7]); if(f[7]&&f[7]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtrg=3D"+_uES(f[7]);=0A=
   f[8]=3D_uTrim(f[8]); if(f[8]&&f[8]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtco=3D"+_uES(f[8]);=0A=
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   s=3D"&utmt=3Ditem"+"&utmn=3D"+r;=0A=
   f[1]=3D_uTrim(f[1]); if(f[1]&&f[1]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmtid=3D"+_uES(f[1]);=0A=
   f[2]=3D_uTrim(f[2]); if(f[2]&&f[2]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmipc=3D"+_uES(f[2]);=0A=
   f[3]=3D_uTrim(f[3]); if(f[3]&&f[3]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmipn=3D"+_uES(f[3]);=0A=
   f[4]=3D_uTrim(f[4]); if(f[4]&&f[4]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmiva=3D"+_uES(f[4]);=0A=
   f[5]=3D_uTrim(f[5]); if(f[5]&&f[5]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmipr=3D"+_uES(f[5]);=0A=
   f[6]=3D_uTrim(f[6]); if(f[6]&&f[6]!=3D"") =
s+=3D"&utmiqt=3D"+_uES(f[6]);=0A=
  }=0A=
  if ((_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
   i[ii]=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
   i[ii].src=3D_ugifpath+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s;=0A=
   i[ii].onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
  }=0A=
  if ((_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
   i2[ii]=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
   =
i2[ii].src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D=
"+c;=0A=
   i2[ii].onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
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 }=0A=
 return;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uFlash() {=0A=
 var f=3D"-",n=3Dnavigator;=0A=
 if (n.plugins && n.plugins.length) {=0A=
  for (var ii=3D0;ii<n.plugins.length;ii++) {=0A=
   if (n.plugins[ii].name.indexOf('Shockwave Flash')!=3D-1) {=0A=
    f=3Dn.plugins[ii].description.split('Shockwave Flash ')[1];=0A=
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   }=0A=
  }=0A=
 } else if (window.ActiveXObject) {=0A=
  for (var ii=3D10;ii>=3D2;ii--) {=0A=
   try {=0A=
    var fl=3Deval("new =
ActiveXObject('ShockwaveFlash.ShockwaveFlash."+ii+"');");=0A=
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   }=0A=
   catch(e) {}=0A=
  }=0A=
 }=0A=
 return f;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmLinker(l,h) {=0A=
 if (!_ulink) return;=0A=
 var p,k,a=3D"-",b=3D"-",c=3D"-",x=3D"-",z=3D"-",v=3D"-";=0A=
 var dc=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A=
 if (!l || l=3D=3D"") return;=0A=
 var iq =3D l.indexOf("?"); =0A=
 var ih =3D l.indexOf("#"); =0A=
 if (dc) {=0A=
  a=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utma=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  b=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmb=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  c=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmc=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  x=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmx=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  z=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmz=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  v=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmv=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  k=3D(_uHash(a+b+c+x+z+v)*1)+(_udh*1);=0A=
  =
p=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"&__utmb=3D"+b+"&__utmc=3D"+c+"&__utmx=3D"+x+"&__utmz=3D=
"+z+"&__utmv=3D"+v+"&__utmk=3D"+k;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (p) {=0A=
  if (h && ih>-1) return;=0A=
  if (h) { _udl.href=3Dl+"#"+p; }=0A=
  else {=0A=
   if (iq=3D=3D-1 && ih=3D=3D-1) _udl.href=3Dl+"?"+p;=0A=
   else if (ih=3D=3D-1) _udl.href=3Dl+"&"+p;=0A=
   else if (iq=3D=3D-1) =
_udl.href=3Dl.substring(0,ih-1)+"?"+p+l.substring(ih);=0A=
   else _udl.href=3Dl.substring(0,ih-1)+"&"+p+l.substring(ih);=0A=
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 } else { _udl.href=3Dl; }=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmLinkPost(f,h) {=0A=
 if (!_ulink) return;=0A=
 var p,k,a=3D"-",b=3D"-",c=3D"-",x=3D"-",z=3D"-",v=3D"-";=0A=
 var dc=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A=
 if (!f || !f.action) return;=0A=
 var iq =3D f.action.indexOf("?"); =0A=
 var ih =3D f.action.indexOf("#"); =0A=
 if (dc) {=0A=
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  b=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmb=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  c=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmc=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  x=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmx=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  z=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmz=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  v=3D_uES(_uGC(dc,"__utmv=3D"+_udh,";"));=0A=
  k=3D(_uHash(a+b+c+x+z+v)*1)+(_udh*1);=0A=
  =
p=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"&__utmb=3D"+b+"&__utmc=3D"+c+"&__utmx=3D"+x+"&__utmz=3D=
"+z+"&__utmv=3D"+v+"&__utmk=3D"+k;=0A=
 }=0A=
 if (p) {=0A=
  if (h && ih>-1) return;=0A=
  if (h) { f.action+=3D"#"+p; }=0A=
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   if (iq=3D=3D-1 && ih=3D=3D-1) f.action+=3D"?"+p;=0A=
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   else if (iq=3D=3D-1) =
f.action=3Df.action.substring(0,ih-1)+"?"+p+f.action.substring(ih);=0A=
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f.action=3Df.action.substring(0,ih-1)+"&"+p+f.action.substring(ih);=0A=
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 }=0A=
 return;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmSetVar(v) {=0A=
 if (!v || v=3D=3D"") return;=0A=
 if (!_udo || _udo =3D=3D "") {=0A=
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  if (_udn && _udn!=3D"") { _udo=3D" domain=3D"+_udn+";"; }=0A=
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 if (!_uVG()) return;=0A=
 var r=3DMath.round(Math.random() * 2147483647);=0A=
 _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmv=3D"+_udh+"."+_uES(v)+"; path=3D"+_utcp+"; =
expires=3D"+_uNx()+";"+_udo;=0A=
 var s=3D"&utmt=3Dvar&utmn=3D"+r;=0A=
 if ((_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
  var i=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
  i.src=3D_ugifpath+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s;=0A=
  i.onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A=
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 if ((_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) && _uSP()) {=0A=
  var i2=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A=
  =
i2.src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D"+=
_uGCS();=0A=
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 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uGCS() {=0A=
 var t,c=3D"",dc=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utma=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utma=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmb=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmb=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmc=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmc=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmx=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmx=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmz=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmz=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
 if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmv=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") =
c+=3D_uES("__utmv=3D"+t+";");=0A=
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}=0A=
function _uGC(l,n,s) {=0A=
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 var i,i2,i3,c=3D"-";=0A=
 i=3Dl.indexOf(n);=0A=
 i3=3Dn.indexOf("=3D")+1;=0A=
 if (i > -1) {=0A=
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 return c;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uDomain() {=0A=
 if (!_udn || _udn=3D=3D"" || _udn=3D=3D"none") { _udn=3D""; return 1; }=0A=
 if (_udn=3D=3D"auto") {=0A=
  var d=3D_ubd.domain;=0A=
  if (d.substring(0,4)=3D=3D"www.") {=0A=
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 _udn =3D _udn.toLowerCase(); =0A=
 if (_uhash=3D=3D"off") return 1;=0A=
 return _uHash(_udn);=0A=
}=0A=
function _uHash(d) {=0A=
 if (!d || d=3D=3D"") return 1;=0A=
 var h=3D0,g=3D0;=0A=
 for (var i=3Dd.length-1;i>=3D0;i--) {=0A=
  var c=3DparseInt(d.charCodeAt(i));=0A=
  h=3D((h << 6) & 0xfffffff) + c + (c << 14);=0A=
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 }=0A=
 return h;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uFixA(c,s,t) {=0A=
 if (!c || c=3D=3D"" || !s || s=3D=3D"" || !t || t=3D=3D"") return "-";=0A=
 var a=3D_uGC(c,"__utma=3D"+_udh,s);=0A=
 var lt=3D0,i=3D0;=0A=
 if ((i=3Da.lastIndexOf(".")) > 9) {=0A=
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  _uns=3D(_uns*1)+1;=0A=
  a=3Da.substring(0,i);=0A=
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   lt=3Da.substring(i+1,a.length);=0A=
   a=3Da.substring(0,i);=0A=
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  if ((i=3Da.lastIndexOf(".")) > 5) {=0A=
   a=3Da.substring(0,i);=0A=
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  a+=3D"."+lt+"."+t+"."+_uns;=0A=
 }=0A=
 return a;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uTrim(s) {=0A=
  if (!s || s=3D=3D"") return "";=0A=
  while ((s.charAt(0)=3D=3D' ') || (s.charAt(0)=3D=3D'\n') || =
(s.charAt(0,1)=3D=3D'\r')) s=3Ds.substring(1,s.length);=0A=
  while ((s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D' ') || =
(s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D'\n') || (s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D'\r')) =
s=3Ds.substring(0,s.length-1);=0A=
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}=0A=
function _uEC(s) {=0A=
  var n=3D"";=0A=
  if (!s || s=3D=3D"") return "";=0A=
  for (var i=3D0;i<s.length;i++) {if (s.charAt(i)=3D=3D" ") n+=3D"+"; =
else n+=3Ds.charAt(i);}=0A=
  return n;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmVisitorCode(f) {=0A=
 var r=3D0,t=3D0,i=3D0,i2=3D0,m=3D31;=0A=
 var a=3D_uGC(_ubd.cookie,"__utma=3D"+_udh,";");=0A=
 if ((i=3Da.indexOf(".",0))<0) return;=0A=
 if ((i2=3Da.indexOf(".",i+1))>0) r=3Da.substring(i+1,i2); else return =
"";  =0A=
 if ((i=3Da.indexOf(".",i2+1))>0) t=3Da.substring(i2+1,i); else return =
"";  =0A=
 if (f) {=0A=
  return r;=0A=
 } else {=0A=
  var c=3Dnew =
Array('A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','J','K','L','M','N','P','R','S','T'=
,'U','V','W','X','Y','Z','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9');=0A=
  return =
c[r>>28&m]+c[r>>23&m]+c[r>>18&m]+c[r>>13&m]+"-"+c[r>>8&m]+c[r>>3&m]+c[((r=
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&m]+c[t&m];=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uIN(n) {=0A=
 if (!n) return false;=0A=
 for (var i=3D0;i<n.length;i++) {=0A=
  var c=3Dn.charAt(i);=0A=
  if ((c<"0" || c>"9") && (c!=3D".")) return false;=0A=
 }=0A=
 return true;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uES(s,u) {=0A=
 if (typeof(encodeURIComponent) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A=
  if (u) return encodeURI(s);=0A=
  else return encodeURIComponent(s);=0A=
 } else {=0A=
  return escape(s);=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uUES(s) {=0A=
 if (typeof(decodeURIComponent) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A=
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 } else {=0A=
  return unescape(s);=0A=
 }=0A=
}=0A=
function _uVG() {=0A=
 if((_udn.indexOf("www.google.") =3D=3D 0 || _udn.indexOf(".google.") =
=3D=3D 0 || _udn.indexOf("google.") =3D=3D 0) && _utcp=3D=3D'/' && =
_udn.indexOf("google.org")=3D=3D-1) {=0A=
  return false;=0A=
 }=0A=
 return true;=0A=
}=0A=
function _uSP() {=0A=
 var s=3D100;=0A=
 if (_usample) s=3D_usample;=0A=
 if(s>=3D100 || s<=3D0) return true;=0A=
 return ((__utmVisitorCode(1)%10000)<(s*100));=0A=
}=0A=
function urchinPathCopy(p){=0A=
 var d=3Ddocument,nx,tx,sx,i,c,cs,t,h,o;=0A=
 cs=3Dnew Array("a","b","c","v","x","z");=0A=
 h=3D_uDomain(); if (_udn && _udn!=3D"") o=3D" domain=3D"+_udn+";";=0A=
 nx=3D_uNx()+";";=0A=
 tx=3Dnew Date(); tx.setTime(tx.getTime()+(_utimeout*1000));=0A=
 tx=3Dtx.toGMTString()+";";=0A=
 sx=3Dnew Date(); sx.setTime(sx.getTime()+(_ucto*1000));=0A=
 sx=3Dsx.toGMTString()+";";=0A=
 for (i=3D0;i<6;i++){=0A=
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  if (i=3D=3D1) t+=3Dtx; else if (i=3D=3D2) t=3D""; else if (i=3D=3D5) =
t+=3Dsx; else t+=3Dnx;=0A=
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